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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
SUBJECT CODE: GE6351
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGG
TWO MARK QUESTIONS-ANSWERS
GE6351- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
2 MARKS
1.
Define environment.
‘Environment’ is derived from the French word Environner which
means to encircle or surround. All the biological and non-biological things
surrounding an organism are thus included in environment. Thus environment is
sum total of water, air and land, inter-relationships among themselves and also
with the human beings, other living organisms and property.
2.
Write down the components of environment.
The components of environment can be broadly divided into two
1.
Abiotic components - composed of all the non living components like temperature, water, minerals and gases etc
2.
Biotic Components - composed of all the living components-plants, animals and micro-organisms.
The
Abiotic components include: 1.Lithosphere 2. Hydrosphere 3. Atmosphere
The
Biotic components include : 1, Producers 2. Consumers 3. Decomposers
3.
Write notes on troposphere
This is the lowest layer of atmosphere. It extends up to 10-12km
at mid latitudes, 5-6 km around poles
and up to 18 km at equator. It contains water vapors, clouds and important
gases like oxygen and nitrogen. The temperature in this region decreases at the
rate of 5-7 degree centigrade per km.
4.
Write notes on Stratosphere
This layer extends up to 50 km above the earths surface. This is a
stable layer and it consists of dry air. The main chemical species of this
region is ozone. It protects human beings from ultra violet radiation, which
are emitted from the sun.
5.
Write notes on Thermosphere
This layer exists up to 500km above the earth’s surface. The
heating of the thermosphere is due to
the absorption of solar energy by atomic oxygen. With in this layer is the relatively dense band of the
charged particles called ionosphere. Worldwide communication is done using this
layer.
6. Why are plants called as producers?
The green plants have chlorophyll with the help of which they trap
solar energy and change it into chemical energy of carbohydrates using simple
inorganic compounds namely water and carbondioxide.As the green plants
manufacture their own food they are known as Autotrpohs.
7,
Write the classification of biological environment.
1. Floral/Plant Environment
2. Faunal /Animal Environment
3.
Microbial environment
8.
What is the structural features of ecosystem?
Composition and organization of biological communities and abiotic
components
constitute the structure of an ecosystem
i)Biotic structure:- The plants, animals and microorganisms
present in the ecosystems form the biotic component.
ii)Abiotic structure:- The physical and chemical components of an
ecosystem constitute its abiotic structure. It includes climatic factors, soil
factors, geographical factors, energy, nutrients and toxic substances.
9.
What is meant by biotic structure?
The plants, animals and microorganisms present in the ecosystems
form the biotic component. It is
classified in to, a) Producers, b) Consumers and c) Decomposers
10.
What is meant by abiotic structure?
The physical and chemical components of an ecosystem constitute
its abiotic structure. It includes climatic factors, soil factors, geographical
factors, energy, nutrients and toxic substances. They are classified in to a)Physical
factors and b)Chemical factors.
11.What
are called Producers?
Producers are mainly the green plants, which can synthesize their
food themselves by making use of CO2
present in the air and water in the presence of sunlight by involving chlorophyll, through the process of
photosynthesis. They are also known as photo autotrophs.
12.
What are called consumers?
All organisms which get their organic food by feeding upon other
organisms are called consumers. The
consumers are of the following types,
a)Herbivores
b)Carnivores
c)Omnivores
d)Detritivores
13.
What are called Decomposers?
They
derive their nutrition by breaking down the complex organic molecules to
simpler
organic compounds and ultimately in to inorganic nutrients. Various bacteria
and
fungi
are decomposers.
14. Define ecology.
Ecology
is defined as the study of relationship between organisms and their
environment.
15.
Define Ecosystem.
An
ecosystem is defined as a natural functional ecological unit comprising of
living
organisms and their non- living environment that interact to form a stable
self-
supporting
system.
16 .
Define energy flow in an ecosystem.
The
flow of energy from one trophic level to next trophic level with in an
ecosystem
is called energy flow in an eco system.
17.
Explain food chain
In
food chain each organism eats the smaller organism and is eaten by the larger
ones.
All these organisms which are interlinked with each other through food together
constitute
a food chain.
16.What
is meant by Grazing food chain?
It
starts with green plants (primary producers) and culminates in carnivores.
Eg:
Grass-grasshopper-Frog-Snake-Hawk.
17.What
is meant by Detritus food chain?
It
starts with dead organic matter which the detritivores and decomposers
consume.
Partially decomposed organic matter and even the decomposers are consumed
by
detritivores and their predators.
Eg:-
Leaf litter-algae-crabs-small carnivores fish-large carnivorous fish
(Mangrove
ecosystem)
Dead
organic matter-fungi-bacteria.
18.
Explain food web.
Various
food chains are often interlinked at different trophic levels to form a
complex
interaction between different species from the point of view of food. This
network
is called the food web.
19.
Define nutrient cycle/ Bio-geochemical cycle/ material cycle.
The
cyclic exchange of nutrient material between the living organisms and their
non-living
environment is called nutrient cycle. As indicated by the name, the nutrients
circulate
through life (bio) and through earth (geo) repeatedly (cycle)
20.
Name some of natural impacts on environment.
Some of the natural impacts are
1. Earthquake
2. Tsunamis
3. Flood
4. Volcanic eruption
21. Name some of the anthropogenic impacts on environment.
1.
London Smog
2.
Mediterranean a dead sea
3.
Nuclear explosions
4.
Minamata disease
5.
Bhopal disaster
6.
Chernobyl disaster
7.
Gulf war hazards
22.
State the theory of classical economics
Adam
smith and Thomas Malthus in 1700’s developed the theory of classical
economics,
according to this view “ as the population grows, the increasing scarcity of
the
finite resources the quality of life, increases competition and ultimately
causes
population
to fall”.
23.
Define sustainable development
sustainable
development can be summarized as ‘meeting the needs of the present
without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
24.
Explain the concept of sustainable development
The
concept of sustainable development has the following underlying promises.
1. A
symbiotic relationship between the consumer human race and the producer natural
system.
2.
Compatibility between ecology and economics.
25.
Write short notes on photosynthesis.
The
process by which chlorophyll bearing plants use energy from the sun to
convert
carbon dioxide and water into sugars is called photosynthesis. The
generalized
equation for photosynthesis is,
26.
Define mole.
Mole
is defined as the amount of substance present in a material. The
term
mole can be applied to any particle. In general it is the ratio between
mass
and molecular weight of a particle.
27.
Define pH.
It
is the logarithmic scale used to specify whether a solution is acidic, basic,
or neutral.
28.
Define molality.
Molality
is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000gm
of
the solvent.It is another common measurement of concentration
Molality
= Number of moles of solute
29. Define Molarity.
Weight
of solvent Molarity
is defined as the number of moles of the solute present in 1000ml
of the solution.
Molarity =
Number of moles of solute
Volume of
solution
30. Define
Hardness of Water.
Hardness of
water is defined as the property of Water which consumes
more soap to
produce foam or lather. It is due to the presence of certain salts
of calcium,
magnesium and other heavy metals dissolved in it.
31.
Differentiate between Temporary hardness and Permanent hardness
Temporary
hardness is due to the presence of dissolved bicarbonates of calcium,
magnesium and
other heavy metals and the carbonates of iron. It is mostly destroyed
by heating.
Permanent
hardness is caused due to the presence of chlorides and
sulphates of
calcium, magnesium, iron and other metals. This is not
destroyed by
heating.
32. Define
buffering capacity of water.
Buffering
capacity is the ability of water to maintain a stable pH value
even if acids or
bases are added.
33. Define
Turbidity.
Turbidity in
water is a measure of the resistance of water to the passage
of light through
it.
34. Define
permeability of soil,
It is defined as
the ability of movement of water through the pore spaces
of soil
particles.
35. What are
the principle nutrients required for algae.
i) Nitrogen
ii) Phosphorus
iii) Carbon
dioxide
36. List the
properties of acid and base.
A solution for
which the hydrogen ions are greater are than the hydroxyl ions, it is
called as acid.
A solution for
which the hydroxyl ions are greater than hydrogen ions, it is
called as base.
37.
Define Chemical oxygen Demand
This is defined
as the amount of oxygen required for chemical oxidation of
the organic
matter and other reducing agents present in waste water.
38. List some
physical properties of water.
Color
Temperature
Turbidity
Taste and odour.
39. Define Bio
chemical oxygen demand.
BOD is defined
as the quantity of dissolved oxygen required by bacteria
for the
oxidation of organic matter under aerobic conditions
40. What is an
point source pollution.
Polluted water
discharged from specific locations such as drain pipes,
ditches, etc.
are called point source pollution.
41. What is an
non-point pollution ?
Water pollution
caused in a scattered or diffuse manner having no specific
origin or point
of entry into a particular body of water are called non-point
pollution
sources.
42. List the
different types of fresh water algae?
i)Green algae
ii)Motile green algae iii)Blue green algae. iv)Brown algae.
43. Explain the
basic classification of micro organism.
i) Bacteria ii)
Fungi iii) Algae iv) Protozoa v) Viruses
44. What is an
indicator organism?
The detection of
pathogens in routine water analysis is difficult,
uneconomical and
impractical. Instead water is tested using a surrogate that
is an indicator
of fecal contamination.
Example: total
coliforms, fecal streptococci and clostridium perfingens
45. Calculate
the number of moles of CO2 in 44 g of CO2?
Number of moles
= Mass / Molecular Mass
= 44 / 44
=1 mole.
46. Calculate
the pH of a solution with [H+]=3.4x10-4 mol/l
pH = - log10[H+]
= - log10(3.4)
– log10(10-4 )
= - 0.534 + 4
=
3.47
47. What is a
policy?
A policy is a
plan or statement of intent –either written or stated – about a
course of action
or inaction intended to achieve certain goals.
48. Write the pH
of i)Human blood ii)Lemon juice iii)Wine iv)Distilled water
Human blood
Lemon juice
Wine
Distilled water
: 7.5
: - 2
: - 4
: 7
49. What is an
saturated solution?
This is a
solution, which contains as much solute as it can dissolve in the
presence of
solvent at a given temperature.
50. Name all the
mass/mass units used for representing concentration of
solution?
i)percent
by weight
ii)parts
per million
iii)molality
iv)mole
fraction
51. What is
meant by air pollution?
Air pollution
may be defined as the presence of impurities in excessive quantity
and duration to
cause adverse effects on plants, animals, human beings and materials.
52. What are the
main sources of air pollution?
Natural sources
and
Man made or
anthropogenic sources
53. List the
types of air pollutants.
Particulate
pollutants
Gaseous
pollutants
54. What do you
understand by suspended particulate?
Suspended
particulate matter is a complex mixture of small and large particles
with size less
than 100 varying origin and chemical composition. The largest source
of particulate
matter is coal-fired power plants, but auto and diesel exhaust are also
prime
contributors, especially along busy transportation corridors.
55. Write short
note on color-coding of biomedical waste.
In order to
dispose the biomedical waste safely and economically it is necessary
to collect the
waste by suitable segregation. The system of using different color bags
to collect
different types of medical waste is known as color-coding. The biomedical
waste can be
divided into 3 categories according to the colors,
Yellow
bag waste - Eg: Human anatomical waste-Should be incinerated or
deeply
buried with chemicals
Red bag waste -
Eg: Plastic waste-Should be disinfected
Black bag waste -
Eg: Incinerated ash-Should be disposed for landfills.
56. How can
exhaust reduction be done in vehicles?
The exhaust
deduction in the vehicle may be achieved to some extend by adopting
the following
technique.
Catalytic
converters
Manifold air
injection
Fundamental
engine modification
57. Write short
note on radioactive property of hazardous waste.
In the
spontaneous break down of the nucleus of an atom, mainly three types of
radioactive
materials are found to be hazardous namely:
particles,
particles, radiations.
The particle
emission occurs mainly in radioactive isotope and the radiations
are the electron
released from a radioactive nucleus. The radiations are
electromagnetic
radiation traveling at speed of light.
58. How can you
control the emission of nitrogen oxides? OR Explain EGR
method.
Since high
temperature favors the production of nitrogen oxide, the emission may
be controlled by
lowering the combustion temperature. This can be achieved by re-
circulating the
exhaust gases, which will no longer burn. Hence it will not produce
any heat if
re-circulated and will quench the heat of the combustion gases. This
method is called
Exhaust Gas Recirculation(EGR). The temperature in the cylinder
ranges from 500oC and
the end of compression stroke (before ignition) to about 3000-
oC after
ignition, which produces nitrogen oxides. Hence to reduce the formation of
nitrogen oxides
the temperature must be maintained as low as 1300oC which can be
maintained by
adopting EGR method.
59. What are the
sources of hydrogen fluoride?
Hydrogen
Fluoride is released by aluminium industry, chemical industries, textile
and fertilizer
industries. HF affects the respiratory track, bone fluorisis, skin burns,
and destroys the
crops.
60. Write short
note on incineration process used in managing hazardous waste.
The incineration
process is very complex and involves chemistry, physics and
thermodynamics.
During this process, the bonds between the molecules break and
free radicals
are formed leading to violent reactions, and finally to harmless products.
Some reactions
are also speeded up by catalysts at high temperature.
61. What is
landscape diversity?
Landscape
diversity involves more than just the spatial arrangement of habitats
across a large
area but also includes the flux of energy, nutrients, disturbances and
organisms across
the area.
62. What are the
main components of municipal solid waste?
Garbage (or)
food waste
Rubbish
Ashes and
Residues
Special wastes
Construction and
demolition wastes
Treatment plant
waste
63. Define green
house effect.
The green house
effect is a naturally occurring process that makes the earth
warmer by
trapping more energy in the atmosphere. The green house gases absorb
and hold heat
from the sun, preventing it from escaping back into the space.
64. Define
global warming
Global warming
is defined as the increase in temperature of the earth, which
causes more
changes in climate.
65. What are the
effects of global warming?
More heat waves
Expansion of
desert area
Natural fires in
forest land
More evaporation
of water from oceans and water bodies
Melting of ice
caps in artic and Antarctica regions
More cloud
formation in the atmosphere
Rise in sea
level
More drought
More impacts on
plants, animals and humans.
66. Define
screening and skimming.
The process of
removing the large matters from sewage by allowing it to pass
through screens
is called screening.
The process of
removal of floating matters such as oils, grease, etc by skimming
tanks is called
as skimming.
67. Name any
three disinfection method
Chlorination,
Ozonation, UV treatment
68. What are the
types of autoclave systems used in treatment of biomedical
waste?
Gravity system
Pre
vacuum system
Retort type systems
69. When is a
waste said to be hazardous?
A waste is said
to be hazardous if it posses one or the more of the following
characteristics
Toxicity
Reactivity
Ignitability
Radioactivity
Corrosivity
70. What are
major vehicle pollutants?
The major
pollutants due to vehicles are
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Oxides of
nitrogen
Lead components
and
Suspended
particulate matter.
71. Write short
note on nitrification / denitrification
An approach to
nitrogen control utilizes aerobic bacteria to convert
ammonia(NH4+) to
(NO2-)
which is nitrification followed by an anaerobic stage in
which different
bacteria converts nitrates to nitrogen gas(N2) which is denitrification.
The overall
process is referred to as nitrification / denitrification.
72. Explain
drying and dewatering.
The shredded
waste material is pre-dried to decrease its weight by removing the
amount of
moisture. If there is any need for incineration of sludge from treatment
plants, then
dewatering is essential.
73. What
are the two main classifications in sources of radioactive pollution?
Natural sources
Man-made sources
74. What is
half-life of a radioactive substance?
The half-life of
a radioactive substance is defined as the time taken for decaying
half of the material
present.
75. What are the
factors to which the effect of radioactive pollutants depend on?
Duration of
exposure to the radiation
Strength of the
radiation
Half life period
of the radioactive pollutant
Rate of
diffusion of the pollutant
Environmental
conditions
76.
What is DRE?
DRE refers to
the destruction and removal efficiency that evaluates the
measurement of
qualitative functioning of an incinerator. A DRE value of 99.99
indicates that
one molecule of an organic compound is released in to the atmosphere
for every 10,000
molecules of pollutant treated by the incinerator.
77. What is flow
diagram and what are its advantages?
Flow diagram is
a graphical representation of various processes involved in
various methods
of treatment plant. The advantages are
i) It shows the
sequential processes involved in a particular type of treatment method.
ii) Easy to
understand and can easily identify if anything goes wrong.
78. What are the
objectives of waste minimisation?
i) Reduced
hazard to human health from the generation of toxic wastes.
ii) Preventing
environmental degradation caused by unnecessary release of waste materials.
iii) Reduced the
waste disposal and its cost reduction.
79. What are the
factors involved in the amount of waste generation process?
i)House keepinng
practices
ii)Extent of
process control.
iii)Product
quality requirements and initiative.
iv)Managing
system and initiative.
80. What is the
aim of national committee of environmental planning and co- ordination.
i)Conservation
of natural resources.
ii)Control of
environmental pollution.
iii)Environmental
education.
iv)Environmental
laws.
81. What is
waste treatment?
Waste treatment
technique or process change the physical,chemical and biological
character of
waste.
82. What are the
objectives of waste treatment?
i)To recover the
material or energy resources from the waste.
ii)To neutralise
the waste.
iii)To reduce
the volume of waste.
83. What is an
clean technology?
Clean technology
is an integrated preventive environmental and business strategy
which uses fewer
raw materials, less energy and generate less waste than an existing
technology.
It produces products and provide services at a higher efficiency
,increased
profitability and reduces risk to the environment.
84. What are the
advantages of clean technology?
i)It helps to
use fewer raw materials and energy and generate less waste.
ii)It helps to
ensure worker safety.
iii)It reduce
the impacts for products along the entire life cycle from material
extraction to
disposal.
85. What are the
steps to be taken to implement cleaner production in an
industry.
i)Undertake
environment review and create the awareness of environmental issues.
ii)Establish
environmental policy duly acknowledged by the executive officer.
iii) Carry out
environmental audit on suppliers of services.
86. What do u
mean by end of pipe approach?
In
this case waste treatment is done at the end of pipe (ie) after the
manufacturing
process is over.
Steps are taken to mininise the waste during the manufacturing processes and also the generated wastes are
not reused. Therefore ,the waste treatment alone is called End of Pipe
approach.
87. What is
environmental waste audit?
The most
important process, which reveals the actual generation of waste in an industrial unit, is the waste audit.
88. What are the
important points of good waste audit?
i) Help set
targets for waste reduction.
ii) Increase
knowledge of the production process.
iii)Help to
improve process efficiency.
89. How the
waste audit is divided?
a) Pre
assessment
b) Material
balance
c) Synthesis.
90. What is
disposal?
Disposal
is the discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spiling, leaking or placing of
waste in
to or any land,
water or air.
91. What is
standard of performance?
The
minimum allowable concentration of each chemical agent in a waste water or
effluent that is
prepared by suitable acts or amendments is called standard performance.
92. What
is the objective role of standards of performance in the control of
pollution?
The
standards of performance function to monitor and assess the overall concentration of toxic pollutants in the
effluent and enable the analyst or investigators to check whether the prescribed limit of
those pollutants do not exceed the allowable
level.
93. Mention the
standards of a few chemical parameters in the oil refinery
industry.
1.Phenol
2.Sulde
3.BOD at 200c
4.Suspended
solids
0.7 kg/1000
tones of crude processed
0.35 kg/1000
tones of crude processed
10.5 kg/1000
tones of crude processed
14 kg/1000 tones
of crude processed
94. Mention the
standards of a few chemical parameters in the cotton textile
industry
1.pH
2.Suspended
solids
3.BOD at 200 c
4.Sulphides
5.Total chromium
content
5.5 to 9.0
100 mg/lit
150 mg/lit
2.0 mg/lit
2.0 mg/lit
96. What are the
elements of waste minimisation strategy?
a. Reduction at
source
b. Recycle/Reuse
c. Treatment
d. Disposal.
97. What are the
possible solutions of waste disposal?
i)Install a fume
incinerator.
ii)Install a
condenser to recover the solvent for reuse
98. What is
MINAS?
Effluent
standards were designed on techno economic grounds caled the ’Minimal National
Standards’
99. What is LSS?
Effluent
standards are calculated on the basis of the assimilative capacity of the
receiving
environment,
caled the ‘Location Specific Standard’
100. What are
the operations included in ETP?
The operations
included in ETP(effluent Treatment Plants) are
i)Blending
ii)Equalization
iii)Neutralization
iv)Precipitation
v)Chemical or Biological Oxidation
101. Define
Environmental Impact Assessment.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) can be defined
as the systematic identification and evaluation of the potential impacts
(effects) of proposed projects, plans, programs, or legislative actions
relative to the physical-chemical, biological, cultural, and socioeconomic
components of the total environment.
102. Write down
the objective of EIA:
The objective of
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to ensure that environmental aspects are addressed and
potential problems are foreseen at the
appropriate stage of project design. EIA should be envisaged as an
integral part of the planning process
and initiated at the project level from the start.
103. What is the
need of EIA?
Al
the developmental activities are proposed to facilitate the public. For that
the resources are used more and that may
alter and affect the environmental parameters. Hence this EIA is
carried out in
order to ensure the depletion of resources and the alterations and ef ects on
the
quality of
environmental parameters.
104. What are
the goals of EIA?
The
goals of EIA are:
Conservation of
resources.
Minimization of
wastes.
Recovery of
by-products.
Utilization of
efficient equipments.
105. List the
key elements of EIA.
Organizing the
job.
Assessment
performance.
Preparation of
Environmental Impact Statement.
Reviewing of
Environmental Impact Statement.
Approval of Plan
with or without modifications.
106. Define
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
An
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is a detailed written statement which serves as an action-forcing device,
provides full and fair discussion of
significant
environmental impacts and must inform the decision makers and public the reasonable alternatives which
would avoid or minimize adverse impacts
or enhance the quality of human environment.
107. Write
down the types of EIA:
There are two
types of EIA.
i. Rapid EIA
ii.
Comprehensive EIA
Rapid EIA is
done quickly based on one season data whereas
Comprehensive
EIA will be detail and normally takes at least one year for its
preparation.
108. Write down
some of the benefits of EIA:
The benefits of
the EIA are,
·
Reduce cost and time of project
implementation
·
Increase project acceptance and improve
project performance.
·
Avoid impacts and violations of laws and
legislations.
·
Improved human health and maintenance of
biodiversity.
·
Decreased resource use and fewer
conflicts over natural resource use.
109. Write down
the major objectives of ISO 14000 series:
The
major objectives of ISO 14000 series is to promote more effective and efficient environmental management in
organization and to provide useful and
usable tools-ones that are cost-effective, system based, flexible and
reflect the best organizational
practices available for gathering, interpreting and communicating environmentally relevant
information. The intended end result is
the improvement of environmental performance.
110. Write down
the subjects covered under various ISO 14000 :
ISO 14000 –
14009 : Environmental Management Systems
ISO 14010 –
14019 : Environmental Audit
ISO 14020 –
14029 : Environmental Labeling
ISO 14030 –
14039 : Environmental Performance Evaluation
ISO 14040 –
14049 : Life Cycle Assessment
ISO 14050 –
14059 : Terms and Definitions
ISO 14060 :
Environmental Aspects in Product Stand
111. Write down
the key requirements specified under ISO 14000:
The key
requirements specified under ISO 14000 are,
vi. Environment access
vii. Planning
viii. Implementation and operation
ix.
Checking and corrective action
x. Management
review
112. Write notes
on Precautionary Principle:
The
precautionary principle emphasizes that we should plan a margin of safety for error or surprises in natural
systems. In other words, when human
health or the environment are threatened, precautionary measures should
be taken even if cause-and-effect
relationships are not fully established scientifically.
113. What is the
beneficiary pays principle?
According
to this principle,’ the people who get benefited due to an activity,
which increases
the pollution, should pay for that’.
114. What do you
know about risk management?
Risk
management is a process of resolving various policies regarding acceptable
risk. It consists of risk assessment and risk control.
115. Define risk
assessment?
Risk
management is defined as the process of identifying, quantifying and
evaluating the
risk. . It contains risk determination and risk evaluation.
116. What are
the activities covered in risk assessment?
Risk identification.
Risk estimation.
Risk acceptance.
Risk aversion.
117. Write notes
on Polluter Pays Principle:
The
basic environment law of the land requires that a polluter bear the remedial or clean-up costs as well as the
amount payable to compensate the victims
of pollution. This is known as the ‘polluter pays principle’. The principle becomes effective with Environmental Law.
118. What are
the limitations of Polluter-Pays Principle?
1. The polluter
pay taxes would be used to enrich government funds, not to
compensate those
who were harmed by the pollution.
2. The pollution
control boards are in no position to assess the actual costs
imposed by
pollution. Pollution taxes enacted through the political process
are likely to
reflect political priorities rather than environmental ones
119. Compare and
contrast polluter pays principle with beneficiary pays
principle.
In
case of the polluter pays principle, the polluter is responsible and he should
pay for his
action. Whereas, incase of the beneficiary pays principle, the benefited
persons should
pay for enjoying a clean and safe environment. There is no need to
pay by the
polluters according to this principle.
120. Write down
the components of Environmental Law:
Environmental
Law includes official rules, decisions and actions concerning
environmental
quality, natural resources and ecological sustainability.
121. What are
the major constitutional provisions in India for environmental
protection?
Article 47.
Article 48-A.
Article 51-A (g).
Article 253.
122. State the
Article-47 of the Indian Constitution.
Article 47 of
the Constitution states that, "The State is to ensure as its primary duty
of,
1.Raising
standard of living of its people,
2.To increase
the level of nutrition of the people,
3.To bring
improvement in public health".
123. State the
Article 48-A of the Indian Constitution.
Article
48-A of the Constitution states that, "the State shall endeavor for protection and improvement of the environment
and for safeguarding the forest and wild
life and improving the natural environment of the country".
124. State the
Article 51-A(g) of the Indian Constitution.
According
to Article 51-A(g) of the Constitution, it shall be the duty of every citizen of India 'to protect and improve the
natural environment including forests,
lakes, rivers ,and wild life and to have compassion for living
creatures'.
125. State the
Article 253 of the Indian Constitution.
Article
253 of the Constitution empowers the parliament to make laws regarding
preserving the
environment. It states 'The parliament has power to make any law for the whole or any part of the territory of
India for implementing any treaty, agreement
or convention with any other country or countries or any decision made at any international conference, association
or other body'.
126. List the
major environmental conventions of 20th century.
1.World summit on sustainable development
2.The Earth Summit
3.World conference on women.
127.
Name some of the acts enacted by the Indian Government to protect the
environment.
1.The Water (prevention and control of pollution)
Act 1974
2.The Water (prevention and control of pollution)
Cess Act 1977
3.The Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act
1981
4.The Environment (protection) Act 1986
5.The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991.
128. What are
the common objectives of environmental legislation?
All the Acts
were enacted to achieve the following:
1.To control further damage to the environment and
ecosystem
2.To conserve the environment
3.To restore the environment in areas damaged
including such measures as reclamation
of degraded land.
4.To create authorities to administer the policy and
contents of the legislation.
5.To provide penalties and prosecution for violation
of laws.
129. List the
major environmental protocols of 20th century.
1.Kyoto protocol
2.Montreal protocol.
130. Write notes
on NGOs:
The groups
working for social changes are called Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). When the activities are
concerned with environmental issues they
are called environmental NGOs.
131. Write notes
on ‘Green Peace’:
‘Green peace’ is
one of the largest NGOs in the world with 1.6 million
contributing
members, carries out well-publicised confrontations with toxic waste
dumpers, seal
hunters and others who threaten very specific and visible resources.
132. List some
of the NGOs available in India.
1.World Wide Fund for Nature India.
2.Indian Environmental Association, Mumbai.
3.Environmental Society of India (ESI), Chandigarh.
4.Sastrakalayatha, Kerala.
5.C.P.Ramaswami Ayer Environmental Education Centre.
6.Centre for Environmental Education, Ahmedabad.
7.Friends of River Narmada.
8.Madras Environmental Society, Chennai.
9.Eklavya, Madhya Pradesh.
10.SEARCH, Bangalore.
133.
How does the community participation involve in protecting the
environment?
Community
participation requires involvement in several areas:
1.Better theoretical knowledge about the
environmental information (both Scientific and traditional)
2.Better practical guidelines and tools are need.
3.Better educational support.
4.Ethical inconsistencies in environmental
decision-making are illuminated
and kept to a minimum.
134. Write short
notes on the history of implementation of international
treaties and
conventions.
Over the past 25
years, more than 170 treaties and conventions have been
negotiated to
protect our global environment. These are mainly designed to
regulate the
following activities:
3. Intercontinental shipping of hazardous waste
4. Reforestation
5. Over-fishing
6. Trade in endangered species
7. Global warming and
8. Wildlife protection.
135. Mention the
standards in EPR:
There are three
types of standards mentioned in Environment Protection Rules (EPR),
a. Source standards,
which require the polluter to restrict the emission and discharge
of environmental pollutants at source.
b. Product standards, which
fix the pollution norms for new manufactured products
such as car.
c. Ambient standards, to
set maximum pollutant loads in the air and to guide
regulation on the environmental quality that ought
to be maintained for healthy
living.
136. Write notes
on environmental law in ancient period in India:
Production,
conservation and judicious use of natural resources were the ancient approach. It was Dharma of each
individual in the society to protect the
natural resources. People worshipped the objects of nature. The trees,
the water, the land and the animals gains important position in the ancient
time.
137. Write down
the purpose of The Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act,
1974.
The
purpose of The Water Act is “to provide for the prevention and control of water
pollution and the maintenance or restoring wholesomeness of water for the
establishment, with a view to and carrying out the purpose of aforesaid of
Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution, for conferring on and
assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters
connected therewith”.
138.
According to The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
define air
pollutant:
The
Air Act was passed for the “prevention, control and abatement of air
pollution”. This
law defined an air pollutant as “any solid, liquid or gaseous
substance
present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be
injurious to
human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or
environment”.
139. Mention
some important features of Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986:
Some important
features of the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 are
9. Regulating the handling of hazardous substances
10. Has power to
order the closure of the non co-operative industry.
11. Take all
necessary steps to protect and improve the quality of environment.
140. Write notes
on Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous chemical Rules, 1989.
These rules are
applicable to three different types of flammable substances
and about 450
hazardous chemicals. The importers of hazardous chemicals should
inform the Board
authorities of the below given details within 30 days,
·
The place of entry in India
·
The
name of address of the importer
·
Mode
of transport
·
The
quality of the chemicals
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